1.1.1 Discuss the theory that living organisms are composed of cells.
All living things are made of cells, and that cells arise from other cells.
It is important to note that all "rules" have exceptions. Skeletal muscles and some fungal hyphae are not divided into cells but have a multinucleate cytoplasm. Some biologists consider unicellular organisms to be acellular.
1.1.2 State that a virus is a non-cellular structure consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat.
A virus is a non-cellular structure consisting of DNA or RNA surrounded by a protein coat. 1.1.3 State that all cells are formed from other cells.
All cells are formed from other cells.
1.1.4 Explain three advantages of using light microscropes.
Advantages of using a light microscope include: color images instead of monochrome images (one color), easily prepared sample material, the possibilty of observing living material and movement, and a larger field of view.
Advantages of using a light microscope include: color images instead of monochrome images (one color), easily prepared sample material, the possibilty of observing living material and movement, and a larger field of view.
1.1.5 Outline the advantages of using electron microscopes.
Since the resolution is higher in an electron microscope than a light microscope, one can see more seperate particles and have a clearer picture of those particles. Also, an electron microscope has a higher magnifaction than a light microscope, so one would be able to see smaller objects.
Since the resolution is higher in an electron microscope than a light microscope, one can see more seperate particles and have a clearer picture of those particles. Also, an electron microscope has a higher magnifaction than a light microscope, so one would be able to see smaller objects.
1.1.6 Define organelle.
An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell that has a specific function, it also needs to be covered by its own membrane.
An organelle is a discrete structure within a cell that has a specific function, it also needs to be covered by its own membrane.
1.1.7 Compare the relative sizes of molecules, cell membrane thickness, viruses, bacteria, organelles and cells, using appropriate SI units.
1000 nm(nanometer) = 1 um, 1000 um = 1mm
Molecules are 1 nm while the thickness of a membrane is 10 nm. Viruses are 100 nm, bacteria are 1 um, organelles can be up to 10 um, and most cells can be up to 100 um. The cell is much larger than all these when taken into consideration the three-dimensional shape.
1000 nm(nanometer) = 1 um, 1000 um = 1mm
Molecules are 1 nm while the thickness of a membrane is 10 nm. Viruses are 100 nm, bacteria are 1 um, organelles can be up to 10 um, and most cells can be up to 100 um. The cell is much larger than all these when taken into consideration the three-dimensional shape.
1.1.8 Calculate linear magnification of drawings.
(drawings will be inserted at a later date)
(drawings will be inserted at a later date)
1.1.9 Explain the importance of the surface area to volume ratio as a factor limiting cell size.
When a cell grows, the volume increases at a faster rate than the surface area. Thus, as the cell grows the surface to volume ratio dereases. A cell needs surface area in order to carry out metabolic functions (chemical reactions need a surface), and as a cell grows it needs to carry out more and more reactions. Therefore, since a cell must maintain a certain surface area to volume ratio, its size is limited.
When a cell grows, the volume increases at a faster rate than the surface area. Thus, as the cell grows the surface to volume ratio dereases. A cell needs surface area in order to carry out metabolic functions (chemical reactions need a surface), and as a cell grows it needs to carry out more and more reactions. Therefore, since a cell must maintain a certain surface area to volume ratio, its size is limited.
1.1.10 State that unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life.
Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life.
Unicellular organisms carry out all the functions of life.
1.1.11 Explain that cells in multicellular organisms differentiate to carry out specialized functions by expressing some of their genes but not others.
In multicellular organisms, all the cells contain all the genes, but they do not use all of them. The cells of a multicellular organism differentiate to carry out specialized funcions by only expressing some of thier genes.
In multicellular organisms, all the cells contain all the genes, but they do not use all of them. The cells of a multicellular organism differentiate to carry out specialized funcions by only expressing some of thier genes.
1.1.12 Define tissue, organ, and organ system.
A tissue is an integrated group of cells that have a common stucture and function. An organ is a center of body function specialized for that one function that is composed of several different types of tissue. An organ system is a group of organs that specialize in a certain function together.
A tissue is an integrated group of cells that have a common stucture and function. An organ is a center of body function specialized for that one function that is composed of several different types of tissue. An organ system is a group of organs that specialize in a certain function together.
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