1.3.1 Draw a diagram to show the ultrastructure of a generalized animal cell as seen in electron micrographs.
1.3.2 State one function of each of these organelles: ribosomes, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosome, Golgi apparatus, mitochondion and nucleus.
The ribosomes are the main site for protein synthesis. The proteins made by ribosomes can be used inside the cell, or be sent out of the cell. One function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes. The proteins made in these ribosomes are packaged in the rough ER and are usually sent outside of the cell. A lysosome uses hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus recieves many of the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and it modifies them. Later these proteins are transported to other destinations in packages of membrane. A mitochondrion is the site of cellular respiration. The nucleus contains the DNA which controls and contains the genotype for the cell.
The ribosomes are the main site for protein synthesis. The proteins made by ribosomes can be used inside the cell, or be sent out of the cell. One function of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is the portion of the endoplasmic reticulum that is studded with ribosomes. The proteins made in these ribosomes are packaged in the rough ER and are usually sent outside of the cell. A lysosome uses hydrolytic enzymes to digest macromolecules. The Golgi apparatus recieves many of the products of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and it modifies them. Later these proteins are transported to other destinations in packages of membrane. A mitochondrion is the site of cellular respiration. The nucleus contains the DNA which controls and contains the genotype for the cell.
1.3.3 Compare prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell membranes and both carry out functions of cells (metabolic functions, reproduction etc).
In contrast to eukaryotes, prokaryotic cells have no organelles (no nucleus, no mitochondria, etc.). Prokaryotes have one circular loop of DNA that is located in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is arranged in a very complex manner with many proteins and is located inside a nuclear envelope. Because the prokaryotic DNA is associated with very little protein, it is considered naked. Also, eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells. In addition, the ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are structurally different. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, whereas eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.
Both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have cell membranes and both carry out functions of cells (metabolic functions, reproduction etc).
In contrast to eukaryotes, prokaryotic cells have no organelles (no nucleus, no mitochondria, etc.). Prokaryotes have one circular loop of DNA that is located in the cytoplasm, whereas eukaryotic DNA is arranged in a very complex manner with many proteins and is located inside a nuclear envelope. Because the prokaryotic DNA is associated with very little protein, it is considered naked. Also, eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotic cells. In addition, the ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes are structurally different. Prokaryotes have 70S ribosomes, whereas eukaryotes have 80S ribosomes.
1.3.4 Describe three differences between plant and animal cells.
Plant cells contain a cell wall while animal cells do not.
Plant cells have chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Animal cells contain mitochondria and plant cells do not.
Most animal cells do not contain large central vacuoles while most plant cells do.
Plant cells contain a cell wall while animal cells do not.
Plant cells have chloroplasts while animal cells do not. Animal cells contain mitochondria and plant cells do not.
Most animal cells do not contain large central vacuoles while most plant cells do.
1.3.5 State the composition and function of the plant cell wall.
The plant cell wall contains cellulose microfibrils which help to maintain the cell's shape.
The plant cell wall contains cellulose microfibrils which help to maintain the cell's shape.
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